Unit 1
English Noun Phrases

1.1.	Type A:   
                                                                              1

Head Noun

                   AAAA     BBBB       CCCC
                           4                3                    2
 
 Examples:
   1.  Basic Input Output System  (BIOS)          4.  the boot process and the system bus
   2.  the start-up process                                    5.  specific hardware units
   3.  the PCI and ISA buses                               6.  a modern, simple, and intelligent bus

 Type-A Exercise:

   1.  floppy and hard disk drives                        3.   essential system data
   2.  the  BIOS Setup Features                           4.  the power management functions           
   5.  the American Megatrends BIOS Setup program            
   6.  the modern motherboards and the EIDE drives
 
boot  = boot atau booting
start-up = mulai, awal                            specific = khusus, spesifik
 PCI = Peripheral Component Interconnect (suatu teknologi utk slot dan card)
ISA = Intelligent System Architecture (teknologi bus 16 bit)                             intelligent = cerdas
	bus = bus atau channel penghubung ke komponen-komponen atau device  lain pd motherboard 
floppy  = disket
drive = drive       
Setup = program set-up 
 Feature = fitur
 power = tenaga (listrik)           
 EIDE  = suatu teknologi utk hard-disk

  1.2. Type B:   

                                                            to
                                        1                  on

Head Noun

   AAAA   BBBB    		 o     of                 XXXX    YYYY
       3            2                                     in                     5              4   
                                                            from
                                                            with
                                                            etc. 

Examples:

      1. instructions in ROM chips on the motherboard
     2.  an AMI chip with BIOS and start-up instructions
    3. a  graphical user interface
    4. the most important unit to install in this part of the Setup

Type-B Exercise:
     1.   a choice of setup menus                                        3.The system software of hardware
     2.   additional disk drive in a PC                                 4. a quick execution of POST
     5. the standard values in the CMOS Setup                 6. images from the Setup program   
     7. a part of the modular design of the IBM Compatible PC
   8. a high-speed I/O bus for storage, video etc.           9. a different type or additional disk drive   
                                                                                           in a PC

instruction = instruksi
 ROM = Read Only Memory
 Chip = chip
graphical = grafis, berbentuk gambar
interface = interface, penghubung
most = paling
important = penting
part = bagian
setup = setup
  a choice = pilihan
 additional (Adjective) = tambahan
PC = Personal Computer
quick = cepat
execution = eksekusi, pelaksanaan
POST = Power-On Self Test
	standard = standar
value = nilai
CMOS = CMOS
 Image = gambar, foto
modular = moduler, terbagi menjadi bagian-bagian (modul-modul)
design = desain
compatible = kompatibel
speed = kecepatan
storage = penyimpanan
etc. = dll.
different = berbeda
disk drive = disk drive
PC = PC	

    1.3.  Type  C:   

                Head Noun
               
              Verb + ing         AAAA      BBBB       CCCC       DDDD            
               
         Examples:
         1. modifying the boot sequence
           2. using the system software of the motherboard     
        
                                          Noun

          AAAA          Verb + ing

         Examples:
         1.  the initial program  testing
          2.  the  data  processing

                  modifier
               
              Verb + ing         AAAA      
               
           Examples:
         1. the operating system 
         2. the  computing process
         3. the following three tables

                                                Head Noun
                               
              AAAA    BBBB        CCCC         Verb+ing        DDDD      EEEE	

            Examples:
            1.  the students planning to get a degree in information technology

who plan atau who are planning

            2.   the staff with their home pages describing their research activities

which describe

   Type-C  Exercise:

   1.  using the Setup program to regulate the power management
   2.  the power saving features in the motherboard
   3.  making requests to the BIOS routines
   4.  receiving or sending  data
   5.  the processor technology dimensioning  the system bus
   6.  The use of Rambus RAM working at 400 MHz
   7.  the interfaces working at 200, 266 and 333 MHz.

to modify = memodifikasi
sequence = urutan (dlm suatu proses)
to use = menggunakan
initial = awal
computing = komputasi
following = berikut
to regulate = mengatur
power = tenaga (listrik)
to save = menghemat
	feature = fitur
request =n permintaan
routines = rutin-rutin, program-program
to   receive = menerima
to send = mengirim
to dimension = membuat dimensi
use = penggunaan
Rambus = suatu tipe memory chip
Interface = interface, penghubung

1.4.	Type  D:   
          
                           Head Noun                          
         	 AAAA      BBBB       Past Participle (Verb-3)      DDDD       EEEE
 				        
                                                                 passive construct

              Examples:
1.	additional RAM installed in expansion slots in the PC

 which is installed

               
                 2.   The values for date and time stored in the CMOS RAM

which is stored

                                                                                                Head Noun  
         	 ……………       Past Participle (Verb-3)      DDDDD      
 				        
                                                     modifier (adjective)

              Examples:

               1. the installed components and peripherals
              2. the enhanced system bus      
              3. a scanned image from a Setup program

  
 Type-D  Exercise:

     1.  the power management functions found on the PC’s motherboard
   2. a CD-ROM drive installed on one of the EIDE channels
   3. the values for date and time  stored in the CMOS RAM
   4. the BIOS programs  read from the ROM circuits

   5. the system bus on the motherboard designed to match a specific type of CPU
   6. the doubled clock speeds utilized PCI. intelligent, advanced high speed bus.

     
      1.5.    Type  E:

                           Head Noun 
       AAAA       BBBB       IN                 WHICH         CCCC       DDDD
                                                BY                WHICH
                                                FROM          WHICH
                                                THROUGH  WHICH
                                                DURING      WHICH
                                                etc.

       Examples:
      
1.	a small program by which  the boot-up process  is executed by the CPU  

2.	the device in which  data are stored         
   
3.	a channel  through which  data  flow

  Type-E  Exercise:

   1. the computer casing within which the motherboard is placed 

   2. a socket  on the motherboard in which the main processor is plugged

   3. the process by which heat is removed from a computer system 

   4. the boot-up process during which  the condition of all components and peripherals 
       are checked

    5. the slots in which the expansion cards are plugged

    6. the PC buses are the channels through which data flow

 To execute = mengeksekusi, melaksanakan
device  = alat, device
in which  data are stored         
    channel  = jalan
through = melalui
to   flow = mengalir
casing  = casing
within = di dalam
to place = menempatkan
socket  = soket = slot
main = utama
	to plug = menancapkan
heat = panas
to  remove = melepas
during = selama
peripheral = peripheral (printer, keyboard, 
mouse, dll)
to  check = mengecek
slot = slot
expansion = ekspansi
card = card

	

  Mixed Exercises
 (1) Application: software designed for a specific purpose. e.g. word processing, 
      spreadsheet. 

     Spreadsheet: an application program that displays rows and columns allowing data 
     contained within to be analyzed.  Useful for financial calculations and planning. 

     DTP (Desk Top Publishing): An application package which allows the mixing of 
     text and graphics to produce documents, pamphlets,  brochures, etc. 

     CAD: Computer Aided Design/Drafting. 

(2) ASCII  (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) . A standard code 
     for relating characters to numbers, e.g. the ASCII code for `A' is 65. 

     BIOS (Basic Input Output System):  Software stored in ROM which controls the 
     basic functions of the PC. 

                    a (ROM) BIOS chip	
                               a RAM chip	

Vocabulary  for Items 1  - 2
purpose = tujuan 
e.g. = example gratia = sebagai contoh 
to display = menampilkan
row = baris
colum = kolom
to  allow = memperbolehkan, memungkinkan
package = paket
to mix = mencampur
the mixing  = pencampuran, penggabungan
graphics = gambar
to  contain = berisi
within = di dalam
useful = berguna 	planning = perencanaan
etc. = et cetera = dll
to  aid = to help
pamphlet = pamphlet
brochure = brosur
draft = draft = gambar,desain  atau konsep (tulisan)  awal yg belum final
interchange = pertukaran
to  relate = menghubungkan, mengkaitkan
character = abjad
number = angka
to store = menyimpan

 (3) Data Structure
       Computer data is in binary format. This means that it is always a 0 or a 1. It only has 
      these two states and must be in one of them. 

      There are several fundamental data units which include: 
          Bit (Binary digIT. Basic unit for data ): A data unit which must be in one of the two 
          binary states described above. It is the smallest data unit. 

         Byte (8 bits of data. Usually enough to store 1 character): It has a possible value  from
         0 to 255. 

         Word : Two bytes or 16 bits of data with a possible unsigned value from 0 to 16535. 

         Megabyte (Mb): 1,024Kb or 1,048,576 bytes of data. 

  (4) Buffer: a temporary store (memory) for data being transferred. e.g. from and to disks. 

  (5) CPU: Central Processing Unit. An IC which is  the `brain' of a PC. 

  (6) Device driver: a program which needs to be in memory to allow the PC to drive a particular 
        peripheral. 

  (7) ISA: Industry Standard Architecture. Another name for the AT-type PC. 

  (8) EISA (Extended Industry Standard Architecture): A system bus  designed as the 
       successor to AT (or ISA). 

Vocabulary  for Items 3 - 8
binary = binair
format = format, bentuk
to  mean = berarti
state = status, keadaan
to  include = mencakup
to describe = mendeskripsikan
above = di atas
enough = cukup
to store = menyimpan
possible = mungkin
value  = nilai
unsigned = tidak bertanda
	temporary = sementara, temporer
store = tempat penyimpanan
 to transfer = ……
brain = otak
to  need = perlu, memerlukan
to allow = memungkinkan
to drive = menggerakkan
 particular =  tertentu
peripheral. = peripheral
type = tipe
successor = penerus, generasi sesudah …

(9) Icon: graphical representation of a file or a running application. (see GUI )

(10) Interface: Software or hardware that allows communication between two pieces of software 
       or hardware. 

(11) FAT (File Allocation Table):  Part of a disk which holds information on where all the files 
        on that disk are located. 

(12) File: a block of information stored on disk. 

 (13) Network: a group of interconnected computers. 

(14) Operating System: computer program which provides the link between the user, the 
        hardware and software. e.g. Windows, UNIX. 

(15) Multitasking: the process of running more than one program simultaneously. 

(16) Protocol: an agreed way of doing things between a computer and another computer 
       or peripheral. 

(17) IC: Integrated Circuit or `chip'. 

              
                         Intel 4004 chip	

                    Intel Pentium 4 processor

                    

(18) Memory: electronic circuitry for storing data and programs. 

(19) Modem (MOdulator/DEModulator): Device that allows the PC to communicate with 
       other computers via the telephone system. 

(20) Motherboard: a printed circuit board inside the PC which holds all the principal ICs and 
        circuitry. 

 (21) ROM: Read Only Memory. Memory that can be read from but not written to. i.e. its 
       contents stays the same. 

(22) Virtual Memory: technique where hard disk space is made to appear like extra system 
        memory. Used by Windows 

(23) Cache: an area of memory used for fast data transfer. 

(24) Bus: electronic tracks which carry data between different parts of the PC. Equivalent to 
        motorway. 

(25) Ethernet: A protocol and cabling system for operating local area networks. 

Vocabulary  for Items  9 – 25

Typical = tipikal, umum, banyak dijumpai
Inside = di dalam
Case = casing
graphical = bersifat grafis
representation = representasi, wakil
to allow = menungkinkan
a piece = sebuah
Part = bagian
To  hold = menyimpan, memegang
To locate = menempatkan
a block = satu blok
to store = menyimpan
the DOS command line = baris perintah (model) DOS
to  replace = mengganti
environment = lingkungan
to consist of = terdiri dari
original = orisinil, asli
replacement = pengganti
Still = tetap
most  = sebagian terbesar
to  interconnect = saling menghubungkan
to provide = menyediakan, memberi
link = hubungan
Multi = ….
Task = tugas
Simultaneous = pada saat yang sama
	to agree = menyetujui
via = melalui
to hold = memegang
principal = pokok, utama
socket = soket
device = device, alat
in the back of  = di bagian belakang …
to send = merngirim
to receive = menerima
board = board
to insert = menancapkan
i.e. = yakni
content = isi
to stay = tetap
same. = sama
space = space, ruang
to appear = nampak
like = seperti
track = jalur, jalan, trek
to  carry = membawa
equivalent to  = sama (setara) dengan   motorway = jalan utk kendaraaan bermotor
protocol = protocol
cable = kabel
cabling = ………	

(26) Data exchange - the motherboard

      The ROM chips contain instructions, which are specific for that particular    
      motherboard.  There are several different programs inside the start-up instructions:

•	POST (Power On Self Test) 
•	The Setup instructions, which connect with the CMOS instructions 
•	BIOS instructions, which connect with the various hardware peripherals 
•	The Boot instructions, which call the operating system (DOS, OS/2, or Windows ) 

      All these instructions are in ROM chips, and they are activated one by one during 
      start-up. Let us look at each part. 

Vocabulary for Item # 26
exchange  = pertukaran
to contain = mengandung, berisi
particular  = tertentu
several = beberapa
peripheral = peripheral (mis: harddisk, keyboard, mouse, dll)	to activate = mengaktifkan
during = selama, sepanjang
each = setiap
part.  = bagian